Verdad y Derecho
Revista Arbitrada de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Vol. 4(1), 13-23, 2025
https://doi.org/10.62574/ay1zyj58
13
Ecuadorian civil law and the digitalisation of contracts
Derecho civil ecuatoriano ante la digitalización de los contratos
Maria Estefania Baldeon-Navarrete
mbaldeonn@unemi.edu.ec
State University of Milagro, Milagro, Guayas, Ecuador
https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1286-9494
Johanna Emperatriz Coronel-Piloso
jcoronelp@unemi.edu.ec
State University of Milagro, Milagro, Guayas, Ecuador
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1331-6325
Magyuri Zambrano-Burgos
mzambranob@unemi.edu.ec
State University of Milagro, Milagro, Guayas, Ecuador
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2522-5041
ABSTRACT
The objective of the research is to analyse Ecuadorian civil law in the light of the digitalisation of
contracts. The research was developed under a qualitative approach, using the documentary research
technique and the analytical-synthetic method. A selection of documentary sources was made,
identifying 18 articles published in indexed scientific journals. The digitisation of contracts and the
incorporation of technologies such as blockchain, artificial intelligence and smart contracts have
transformed the contractual sphere, posing opportunities and challenges for Ecuadorian civil law.
This process requires the reinterpretation of traditional principles, such as party autonomy and legal
certainty, to adapt them to the new digital dynamics.
Descriptors: right to justice; civil law; computer law. (Source: UNESCO Thesaurus).
RESUMEN
Se prescribe como objetivo de investigación analizar el derecho civil ecuatoriano ante la
digitalización de los contratos. La investigación se desarrolló bajo un enfoque cualitativo, utilizando
la técnica de investigación documental y el método analítico-sintético. Se realizó una selección de
fuentes documentales, identificando 18 artículos publicados en revistas científicas indexadas. La
digitalización de los contratos y la incorporación de tecnologías como blockchain, inteligencia
artificial y contratos inteligentes han transformado el ámbito contractual, planteando oportunidades
y desafíos para el derecho civil ecuatoriano. Este proceso exige la reinterpretación de principios
tradicionales, como la autonomía de la voluntad y la seguridad jurídica, para adaptarlos a las nuevas
dinámicas digitales.
Descriptores: derecho a la justicia; derecho civil; derecho de la informática. (Fuente: Tesauro
UNESCO).
Received: 04/09/2024. Revised: 28/09/2024. Approved: 13/10/2024. Published: 14/01/2025.
Research articles section
Verdad y Derecho
Revista Arbitrada de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Vol. 4(1), 13-23, 2025
Derecho civil ecuatoriano ante la digitalización de los contratos
Ecuadorian civil law and the digitalisation of contracts
María Estefanía Baldeon-Navarrete
Johanna Emperatriz Coronel-Piloso
Magyuri Zambrano-Burgos
14
INTRODUCTION
The digital transformation has had a significant impact on legal relations, particularly
in the contractual sphere, where tools such as smart contracts, artificial intelligence
and blockchain technology have begun to redefine the way in which agreements
between parties are concluded, interpreted and executed. In the Ecuadorian context,
civil law faces the challenge of adapting to these technological innovations, which
not only introduce new dynamics in contracting, but also raise questions about
essential aspects such as the formation of consent, the validity of legal acts, data
privacy and the liability of the parties in digital environments.
The digitisation of contracts has opened a legal debate on the need to update
regulatory frameworks to ensure legal certainty and the protection of contracting
parties' rights. In this regard, studies such as Andrade-Ureña et al. (2023) and Cuvi-
Santacruz et al. (2023) have analysed the incorporation of smart contracts in the
Ecuadorian legal system, highlighting their capacity to automate contractual
obligations and reduce transactional costs. However, they also warn about the
challenges posed by their implementation, such as the absence of specific
regulation, the risks of algorithmic errors and the difficulties in harmonising these
technologies with traditional civil law principles.
On the other hand, digitalisation also raises ethical and legal issues related to the
protection of personal data and privacy, as pointed out by Burgos-Arcentales et al.
(2024), as well as to the formation of consent in digital environments, an issue
addressed by Cáceres-Malagón (2023) and Pinochet-Olave (2004). These problems
highlight the need for a comprehensive normative approach that makes it possible
to reconcile technological development with the fundamental principles of civil law,
such as the autonomy of the will, good faith and contractual balance, .
Based on the above, the objective of the research is to analyse Ecuadorian civil law
in the light of the digitalisation of contracts.
Verdad y Derecho
Revista Arbitrada de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Vol. 4(1), 13-23, 2025
Derecho civil ecuatoriano ante la digitalización de los contratos
Ecuadorian civil law and the digitalisation of contracts
María Estefanía Baldeon-Navarrete
Johanna Emperatriz Coronel-Piloso
Magyuri Zambrano-Burgos
15
METHOD
The research was developed under a qualitative approach, using the documentary
research technique and the analytical-synthetic method.
A selection of documentary sources was made, identifying 18 articles published in
indexed scientific journals. The selection criteria included thematic relevance,
prioritising studies related to digital contracts, smart contracts, blockchain, artificial
intelligence and their impact on civil law. We assessed the timeliness of the
publications, selecting recent articles (2019-2024) that reflected the most recent
advances in the field, as well as academic quality.
ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS
In the case of Ecuadorian civil law, the advent of technologies such as blockchain,
artificial intelligence (AI) and smart contracts poses both opportunities and
challenges. Table 1 analyses the main issues related to the digitisation of contracts,
exploring their impact on Ecuadorian laws, ethical and legal challenges, and possible
solutions to adapt to this new reality.
Civil law in Ecuador faces the challenge of combining its traditional principles with
the demands of an ever-changing digital world. From digital transformation and
smart contracts to the use of AI in legal processes, each topic reflects the need to
create specific rules that guarantee legal certainty and protect people's rights.
Topics such as labour relations on digital platforms, ethical issues of AI and the
importance of learning from international experience to improve the regulatory
framework are also addressed.
Verdad y Derecho
Revista Arbitrada de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Vol. 4(1), 13-23, 2025
Derecho civil ecuatoriano ante la digitalización de los contratos
Ecuadorian civil law and the digitalisation of contracts
María Estefanía Baldeon-Navarrete
Johanna Emperatriz Coronel-Piloso
Magyuri Zambrano-Burgos
16
Table 1. Ecuadorian civil law in the face of the digitalisation of contracts.
Theme
Sub-themes
Aspects
Relationship to
Ecuadorian law
Reference
General context
- Digital
transformation
- New technologies
- Legal challenges
- Impact on civil
law, especially on
contracting.
- Use of blockchain,
artificial
intelligence (AI)
and smart
contracts.
- Adaptation of
traditional
principles to new
forms of
contracting.
- Ecuadorian law
faces the challenge
of adapting its
traditional
principles to new
technologies.
- These
technologies are
beginning to be
recognised in the
Ecuadorian legal
framework, but still
lack specific
regulation.
- Ecuadorian
regulations must
guarantee legal
certainty in digital
contracts and
smart contracts.
Rivas-Alvarado et
al., 2024;
Andrade-Ureña et
al., 2023.
2. Digital contracts
and smart
contracts
- Definition
- Advantages
- Challenges
- Guiding principles
in Ecuador
- Case studies
- Ratification of
informal agency
- Self-executing
contracts based on
blockchain.
- Transparency,
automation,
reduction of
intermediaries.
- Lack of specific
regulation,
problems of
algorithmic
consent and
jurisdiction.
- Autonomy of will,
legal certainty,
adaptation to
current regulations.
- Problems of
forum, jurisdiction
and right of
withdrawal in B2C
contracts.
- Use of smart
contracts to
modernise tax
processes.
- Analysis of the
figure of informal
agency in bilateral
contracts.
- In Ecuador, smart
contracts are
recognised as an
innovative tool, but
their
implementation
requires legal
adjustments.
- They can be useful
in sectors such as
e-commerce and
tax collection in
Ecuador.
- The lack of
specific regulations
in Ecuador
generates
uncertainty in their
practical
application.
- These principles
are fundamental to
integrate smart
contracts into the
Ecuadorian legal
framework.
- In Ecuador, this
figure can be
relevant in digital
contracts, but
requires further
regulatory
development.
Cáceres-Malagón,
2023; Novoa et al.,
2020; Cuvi-
Santacruz et al.,
2023; Martínez-
Boada, 2024;
Borja-Tipán &
D'ambrocio-
Camacho, 2023
3. Artificial
intelligence and
civil law
- Impact on the
administration of
justice
- Ethics and
- Automation of
judicial processes.
- Ethical use of AI in
judicial and
- In Ecuador, AI
could improve
judicial efficiency,
but poses ethical
Bodero-Solís et al.,
2024; Zabala-
Verdad y Derecho
Revista Arbitrada de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Vol. 4(1), 13-23, 2025
Derecho civil ecuatoriano ante la digitalización de los contratos
Ecuadorian civil law and the digitalisation of contracts
María Estefanía Baldeon-Navarrete
Johanna Emperatriz Coronel-Piloso
Magyuri Zambrano-Burgos
17
accountability
- Falsification of
evidence through
AI
- Privacy and
access to public
information
administrative
processes.
- Challenges in the
validation of digital
evidence.
- Protection of
personal data in
the face of
advanced
technologies.
and accountability
challenges.
- Ecuadorian
regulations must
ensure the
responsible use of
AI in the judicial
sphere.
- In Ecuador, the
falsification of
digital evidence is a
growing challenge
that requires
specific regulation.
- Ecuadorian
legislation should
strengthen the
protection of
personal data from
the use of AI and
digital
technologies.
Balladares et al.,
2024; Santiago-
Basantes et al.,
2024; Burgos-
Arcentales et al.,
2024.
4. Employment and
digital contracts
- Labour relations
on digital platforms
- Labour flexibility
- Employment
issues in contracts
with delivery
drivers.
- Analysis of
temporary
contracts in the
context of
digitalisation.
- In Ecuador, the
labour relationship
between delivery
workers and digital
platforms is not yet
clearly regulated.
- Labour
flexibilisation in
Ecuador must
balance workers'
rights with the
needs of digital
companies.
Porras-Velasco,
2023; Vega-
Atiencie et al.,
2022
5. Legal and ethical
challenges
- Algorithmic
consent
- Ethics in the use
of AI
- Protection of
fundamental rights
- Debate on the
validity of machine-
generated consent.
- Liability in judicial
and administrative
proceedings.
- Right to privacy
and legal certainty.
- In Ecuador,
algorithmic
consent raises
questions about its
compatibility with
traditional civil law
principles.
- Ecuadorian
regulations should
establish clear
limits for the use of
AI in legal
processes .
- In Ecuador, the
protection of
fundamental rights
should be a priority
in the
implementation of
digital
technologies.
Cáceres-Malagón,
2023; Zabala-
Balladares et al.,
2024; Burgos-
Arcentales et al.,
2024.
6. Proposals and
perspectives
- Adaptation of
legislation
- Legal education
- International
cooperation
- Incorporate
digitalisation
principles in the
Ecuadorian Civil
Code.
- The Ecuadorian
Civil Code needs to
be updated to
include specific
provisions on
Cuvi-Santacruz et
al., 2023; Rivas-
Alvarado et al.,
Verdad y Derecho
Revista Arbitrada de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Vol. 4(1), 13-23, 2025
Derecho civil ecuatoriano ante la digitalización de los contratos
Ecuadorian civil law and the digitalisation of contracts
María Estefanía Baldeon-Navarrete
Johanna Emperatriz Coronel-Piloso
Magyuri Zambrano-Burgos
18
- Contract
exceptionality
- Blockchain issues
- Formation of
consent
- Training in
emerging
technologies for
lawyers and
judges.
- Learning from
experiences in
other countries
(e.g., Spain,
Colombia).
- Re-emergence of
traditional
principles in crisis
contexts (e.g.,
COVID-19).
- Analysis of the
legal challenges of
blockchain and
smart contracts.
- Use of new
technologies for
the formation of
consent in digital
contracts.
digital contracts
and smart
contracts.
- In Ecuador, legal
training should
include knowledge
on blockchain, AI
and digital
contracts.
- Ecuador can
benefit from
international
experience to
develop its
regulatory
framework around
the digitisation of
civil law.
- In Ecuador, the
pandemic
highlighted the
need to reinforce
traditional
principles in
exceptional
situations.
- In Ecuador, the
use of blockchain
requires specific
regulation to
ensure its legal
validity.
- In Ecuador, the
formation of
consent in
electronic contracts
must be aligned
with traditional civil
law principles.
2024; Arroyo-
Amayuelas &
Schulze, 2021;
Calahorrano-
Latorre, 2020;
Padilla Sanchez,
2020; Pinochet-
Olave, 2004
Source: Own elaboration.
The Ecuadorian Civil Code, enacted in 1860 and based on Andrés Bello's Chilean
model, is based on a legal paradigm that prioritises traditional contractual relations,
where physical interaction and written documentation predominate. However,
digitalisation has introduced new forms of contracting that challenge this model.
Digital contracts, defined as agreements concluded and executed through electronic
means, and smart contracts, which are self-executing programmes based on
blockchain, have generated a paradigm shift in general contract theory.
In this context, Article 1461 of the Ecuadorian Civil Code, which establishes the
essential requirements for the existence of a contract (consent, lawful object and
Verdad y Derecho
Revista Arbitrada de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Vol. 4(1), 13-23, 2025
Derecho civil ecuatoriano ante la digitalización de los contratos
Ecuadorian civil law and the digitalisation of contracts
María Estefanía Baldeon-Navarrete
Johanna Emperatriz Coronel-Piloso
Magyuri Zambrano-Burgos
19
cause), must be reinterpreted to include the particularities of digital contracts. For
example, algorithmic consent, which manifests itself through automated interactions
between systems, raises doubts about its compatibility with the autonomy of will, a
guiding principle of civil law. According to Cáceres-Malagón (2023), consent
generated by algorithms cannot always be equated with human consent, as it lacks
the conscious intentionality that characterises the latter. This creates legal
uncertainty and calls for a specific regulation defining the limits and scope of
consent in the digital sphere.
On the other hand, smart contracts represent a disruptive innovation in the
contractual field, as they allow the automatic execution of the agreed obligations
without the intervention of the parties once the predefined conditions are met. In
the Ecuadorian context, their implementation faces several challenges. First, the lack
of specific regulation limits their applicability. Although smart contracts are
recognised as an innovative tool, the Ecuadorian legal system lacks specific
provisions regulating their validity, execution and legal effects. This generates
uncertainty about their use in sectors such as e-commerce and tax collection (Novoa
et al., 2020). According to Cuvi-Santacruz et al. (2023), the absence of a clear
regulatory framework limits the potential of smart contracts to modernise
contractual relations in Ecuador.
Another important challenge is the determination of jurisdiction and the competent
forum in international contracts. In a decentralised environment such as the
blockchain, where the parties may be located in different countries, the lack of clarity
in these aspects may generate legal conflicts and make it difficult to resolve disputes
(Martínez-Boada, 2024). Moreover, the automatic execution of smart contracts
raises questions about the possibility of modifying or terminating the contract once
performance has begun, which is in tension with the principle of party autonomy,
which allows parties to renegotiate or terminate their contractual obligations.
According to Borja-Tipán & D'ambrocio-Camacho (2023), the figure of informal
agency could be relevant to address these issues, but requires further normative
development.
Verdad y Derecho
Revista Arbitrada de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Vol. 4(1), 13-23, 2025
Derecho civil ecuatoriano ante la digitalización de los contratos
Ecuadorian civil law and the digitalisation of contracts
María Estefanía Baldeon-Navarrete
Johanna Emperatriz Coronel-Piloso
Magyuri Zambrano-Burgos
20
One of the most controversial aspects of digital contracts is the formation of
consent, which in traditional civil law is manifested through offer and acceptance. In
the digital domain, consent can be expressed through clicks, electronic signatures
or automated interactions between systems. However, these forms of manifestation
of consent raise a number of problems.
Firstly, the validity of algorithmic consent raises doubts, in digital contracts, consent
can be generated automatically by algorithms acting on behalf of the parties. This
raises questions as to whether such consent complies with the requirements of party
autonomy and legal capacity (Cáceres-Malagón, 2023). According to Pinochet-Olave
(2004), the formation of consent in digital environments must ensure that the
parties fully understand the terms of the contract, avoiding situations of error or
abuse.
Secondly, consumer protection in digital contracts is a crucial issue. In B2C
(business-to-consumer) contracts, the formation of the consent must ensure that the
consumer fully understands the terms of the contract. This is particularly relevant in
e-commerce, where contract terms are often presented in standardised and difficult
to understand formats. According to Martínez-Boada (2024), the lack of
transparency in these contracts can violate consumers' rights and generate legal
disputes.
Legal certainty is a fundamental principle of civil law that guarantees the
predictability and stability of legal relations. In the context of digital contracts, this
principle is threatened by the lack of specific regulation and the technical complexity
of the technologies involved, smart contracts, when executed automatically, may
generate unforeseen or undesired results, which raises questions about the
possibility of challenging their execution.
In this sense, the Ecuadorian legal system must guarantee legal certainty in digital
contracts by creating a regulatory framework that regulates aspects such as the
validity and effectiveness of digital contracts, the protection of the rights of the
parties and the interoperability of technologies. According to Cuvi-Santacruz et al.
Verdad y Derecho
Revista Arbitrada de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Vol. 4(1), 13-23, 2025
Derecho civil ecuatoriano ante la digitalización de los contratos
Ecuadorian civil law and the digitalisation of contracts
María Estefanía Baldeon-Navarrete
Johanna Emperatriz Coronel-Piloso
Magyuri Zambrano-Burgos
21
(2023), the regulation of these aspects is essential to guarantee the integration of
digital contracts into the Ecuadorian legal system.
To meet the challenges of digitalisation, the Ecuadorian Civil Code needs to be
reformed to include specific provisions on digital contracts and smart contracts.
Some proposals include the incorporation of digitisation principles, regulation of
algorithmic consent, consumer protection in e-commerce and training in emerging
technologies. According to Rivas-Alvarado et al. (2024), these measures are
essential to ensure legal certainty and effectiveness of digital contracts in Ecuador.
CONCLUSION
The digitisation of contracts and the incorporation of technologies such as
blockchain, artificial intelligence and smart contracts have transformed the
contractual sphere, posing opportunities and challenges for Ecuadorian civil law.
This process requires the reinterpretation of traditional principles, such as party
autonomy and legal certainty, to adapt them to the new digital dynamics. However,
the lack of specific regulation generates uncertainty in aspects such as algorithmic
consent, consumer protection, jurisdiction in international contracts and the
automatic execution of obligations.
FUNDING
Non-monetary
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
There is no conflict of interest with persons or institutions involved in research.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To the defenders of the environment in Ecuador.
CONTRIBUTION OF THE AUTHORS
María Estefanía Baldeon-Navarrete: She was responsible for designing and
conceptualising the study. She also wrote the introduction and analysed the results
obtained. She also participated in reviewing the content and organising the
bibliographical references.
Verdad y Derecho
Revista Arbitrada de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Vol. 4(1), 13-23, 2025
Derecho civil ecuatoriano ante la digitalización de los contratos
Ecuadorian civil law and the digitalisation of contracts
María Estefanía Baldeon-Navarrete
Johanna Emperatriz Coronel-Piloso
Magyuri Zambrano-Burgos
22
Johanna Emperatriz Coronel-Piloso: Carried out the search and analysis of the
scientific literature, focusing on topics such as digital contracts and smart contracts.
She contributed to the drafting of the methodology and the creation of the results
table.
Magyuri Zambrano-Burgos: She was in charge of analysing the legal and regulatory
aspects of Ecuadorian civil law in the face of digitalisation. She drafted the sections
related to ethical and legal challenges, as well as regulatory proposals.
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Derecho civil ecuatoriano ante la digitalización de los contratos
Ecuadorian civil law and the digitalisation of contracts
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Johanna Emperatriz Coronel-Piloso
Magyuri Zambrano-Burgos
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